# AI Agent Frameworks 2026: LangGraph vs CrewAI | Dexity

> Compare LangGraph, CrewAI, AutoGen and more. Pick the best AI agent framework for your stack, control needs, and production goals in 2026.

AI at Work

# AI Agent Frameworks in 2026: LangGraph vs CrewAI vs AutoGen vs OpenAI Agents SDK, Compared

There's no single "best" AI agent framework — the right pick depends on your stack and how much control you need. In 2026 the main options are LangGraph (graph-based, most control, strongest for production and complex multi-agent), CrewAI (role-based "crews," fastest to prototype), AutoGen/AG2 (conversation-driven multi-agent), and the OpenAI Agents SDK (lightweight, handoff-based, Python + TypeScript), plus LlamaIndex Workflows, Google ADK, Pydantic AI (type-safe), and the Microsoft Agent Framework (the AutoGen + Semantic Kernel successor). Many teams skip frameworks and build agents with the model SDK plus a loop — Anthropic and Microsoft both recommend starting there. This guide compares them on language, abstraction, multi-agent support, state/memory, and best-fit, with version and maturity claims attributed and dated (they drift).

17 September 2026

12 min read

Author

[Rohan Gupta](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rohan-gupta-isb19/)

Director - Growth Marketing, Dexity

![Four AI agent frameworks around a central model and loop: LangGraph as a state graph, CrewAI as a role-based crew, AutoGen and AG2 as agent conversations, and the OpenAI Agents SDK as handoffs](/assets/intel-ai-agent-frameworks-hero-5ff55f.webp)

On this page

1.  [Which AI agent framework should you use?](#which-ai-agent-framework-should-you-use)
2.  [What is an AI agent framework, and what does it do?](#what-is-an-ai-agent-framework-and-what-does-it-do)
3.  [Do you even need a framework, or just the model SDK and a loop?](#do-you-even-need-a-framework-or-just-the-model-sdk-and-a-loop)
4.  [LangGraph vs CrewAI vs AutoGen vs OpenAI Agents SDK — the comparison](#langgraph-vs-crewai-vs-autogen-vs-openai-agents-sdk-the-comparison)
5.  [What is LangGraph, and what is it best for?](#what-is-langgraph-and-what-is-it-best-for)
6.  [What is CrewAI best for?](#what-is-crewai-best-for)
7.  [What happened to AutoGen — and what are AG2 and the Microsoft Agent Framework?](#what-happened-to-autogen-and-what-are-ag2-and-the-microsoft-agent-framework)
8.  [What is the OpenAI Agents SDK?](#what-is-the-openai-agents-sdk)
9.  [What are LlamaIndex Workflows, Google ADK, and Pydantic AI?](#what-are-llamaindex-workflows-google-adk-and-pydantic-ai)
10.  [Which framework is best for complex multi-agent systems?](#which-framework-is-best-for-complex-multi-agent-systems)
11.  [Which framework is best for production, and how do they handle memory?](#which-framework-is-best-for-production-and-how-do-they-handle-memory)
12.  [Which framework should you pick? A scenario guide](#which-framework-should-you-pick-a-scenario-guide)
13.  [Related reading](#related-reading)
14.  [Pick a framework by building, not by reading comparisons](#pick-a-framework-by-building-not-by-reading-comparisons)

Key facts

-   **No universal winner.** Pick by stack and need: LangGraph for control/production, CrewAI for speed, OpenAI Agents SDK for thin/OpenAI-centric builds, Microsoft Agent Framework for enterprise .NET/Azure.
-   **LangGraph** reached **1.0 in October 2025** (Python + JS/TS); LangChain is now a higher-level API built on top of it.
-   **AutoGen is in maintenance mode** (Microsoft, ~Oct 2025). **AG2** is the community fork continuing its conversational line; the **Microsoft Agent Framework** (1.0 GA reported April 3, 2026) is the official successor to both AutoGen and Semantic Kernel.
-   The **OpenAI Agents SDK** — successor to Swarm — ships in **Python and TypeScript**, is provider-agnostic, and is built on Agents, Handoffs, Guardrails, Sessions, and Tracing.
-   **You may not need a framework.** Anthropic and Microsoft both recommend starting with the model SDK and a plain loop, adding a framework only when it "demonstrably improves outcomes."
-   Version numbers and GA dates **drift** — every claim below is attributed and dated; confirm against the official page before relying on a specific number.

## Which AI agent framework should you use?

There's no single "best" AI agent framework — the right pick depends on your stack and how much control you need. In 2026 the main options are **LangGraph** (graph-based, most control, strongest for production and complex multi-agent), **CrewAI** (role-based "crews," fastest to prototype), **AutoGen/AG2** (conversation-driven multi-agent), and the **OpenAI Agents SDK** (lightweight, handoff-based, Python + TypeScript), plus **LlamaIndex Workflows**, **Google ADK**, **Pydantic AI** (type-safe Python), and the **Microsoft Agent Framework** (the AutoGen + Semantic Kernel successor). Many teams skip frameworks entirely and build agents with the model SDK plus a simple loop — start there, and add a framework only when it demonstrably helps.

## What is an AI agent framework, and what does it do?

An AI agent framework is a library that handles the plumbing around the agent loop so you don't rebuild it each time: orchestrating the model → tool → observation cycle, managing state and memory across turns, coordinating multiple agents, streaming output, gating on human approval, and tracing runs for debugging and evaluation. Different frameworks pick different **core abstractions** — a graph, a crew of roles, a conversation, or a set of handoffs — and that abstraction shapes how you think about and debug your system.

The abstraction is the real decision. A graph gives you explicit control-flow; a crew gives you fast, readable role assignment; a conversation gives you emergent collaboration. None is "correct" — they trade control for convenience differently.

## Do you even need a framework, or just the model SDK and a loop?

Often you don't. A large share of production agents use **no framework** — just the provider's SDK plus a plain loop: call the model, run the tool it asked for, feed the result back, repeat. This is the mainstream expert recommendation, not a contrarian one.

Anthropic's _Building Effective Agents_ recommends starting with direct API calls because "many patterns can be implemented in a few lines of code," and warns that frameworks "often create extra layers of abstraction that can obscure the underlying prompts and responses, making them harder to debug." Microsoft's own Agent Framework docs echo it: "If you can write a function to handle the task, do that instead of using an AI agent." The rule from both: add complexity **only** when it demonstrably improves outcomes, and if you use a framework, understand the code underneath.

Frameworks earn their keep when you need durable state and checkpointing, multi-agent orchestration, human-in-the-loop gates, streaming, tracing, or standardized deployment. For a single-agent tool loop, the raw SDK is usually simpler and cheaper to debug.

## LangGraph vs CrewAI vs AutoGen vs OpenAI Agents SDK — the comparison

| Framework | Language | Core abstraction | Multi-agent | State / memory | Maturity / backing | Best for |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **LangGraph** | Python + JS/TS | Stateful **graph** (nodes/edges) | Native | Typed shared state + **checkpointers** (SQLite/Postgres/Redis) | **1.0** since Oct 2025 (LangChain, Inc.) | Max control; complex, production workflows |
| **CrewAI** | Python | **Crews** (roles) + **Flows** | Primary purpose | Short/long-term + entity memory | CrewAI, Inc.; no LangChain dependency (2025) | Fast prototyping, role-based teams |
| **AutoGen / AG2** | Python (+ .NET) | **Conversation** between agents | Conversational | Conversation history | AutoGen in maintenance; **AG2** active fork | Research, debate-style collaboration |
| **OpenAI Agents SDK** | Python + TS/JS | Agents + **handoffs** + guardrails | Via handoffs / agents-as-tools | **Sessions** (SQLite, SQLAlchemy, Redis, Mongo) | OpenAI; pre-1.0, rapid iteration | Lightweight, OpenAI-centric (but provider-agnostic) |
| **LlamaIndex Workflows** | Python (TS avail.) | **Event-driven steps** | Yes (`AgentWorkflow`) | Serializable `Context` | Workflows **1.0** (2025); LlamaIndex, Inc. | RAG / retrieval-heavy pipelines |
| **Google ADK** | Python, Java, Go | Agent + tools; composable | Yes | Session + memory services | Python **1.0 GA May 2025**; Google | Google Cloud / Gemini / Vertex AI |
| **Pydantic AI** | Python | **Typed `Agent`** | Yes (delegation; graphs) | DI + message history; durable execution | 1.0 in 2025; 2.x line in 2026 | Type-safe, validation-first Python |
| **Microsoft Agent Framework** | .NET, Python, Go (preview) | Agents + **graph/functional workflows** | Yes | Session state + context providers | 1.0 GA reported **April 3, 2026**; Microsoft | Enterprise .NET/Azure; SK/AutoGen migration |

_(Maturity and version claims are as of 2026 and drift; GitHub star counts are deliberately omitted — verify against the official page before quoting a number.)_

## What is LangGraph, and what is it best for?

LangGraph is an open-source, low-level agent-orchestration framework from LangChain, Inc. that models an agent as a **stateful graph** of nodes (LLM calls, tools, sub-agents) and edges (conditional transitions). It reached **1.0 in October 2025** (Python and JS/TS), with durable execution, checkpointing, streaming, and first-class human-in-the-loop built in.

It's the standout for **complex, cyclical, high-control workflows that must run reliably in production** — the checkpointers give you durable persisted state (in SQLite, Postgres, or Redis), and the explicit graph makes per-node token cost predictable. The trade is a steeper learning curve than role- or crew-based frameworks. Note the relationship: since the 1.0 releases, LangChain is a higher-level API built _on top of_ LangGraph — they're not competitors, they're layers.

## What is CrewAI best for?

CrewAI is a standalone Python framework organized around **Crews** (teams of role-playing agents) and **Flows** (event-driven pipelines for deterministic state and branching). It was **rebuilt from scratch to remove any LangChain dependency** (completed 2025) for a leaner, faster footprint, and Crews and Flows compose.

Its sweet spot is **getting a role-based multi-agent system running quickly** with readable, approachable code — you describe agents by role, goal, and backstory, assign tasks, and pick a sequential or hierarchical process. The trade versus LangGraph is less low-level control. If your mental model is "a team of specialists collaborating," CrewAI maps to it directly.

## What happened to AutoGen — and what are AG2 and the Microsoft Agent Framework?

This is the most easily-outdated fact in the space, so be precise. **AutoGen** pioneered **conversation-based multi-agent** systems — agents that talk, debate, and reach consensus. Per Microsoft, AutoGen is now in **maintenance mode** (bug and security fixes only, ~Oct 2025), with development consolidated into the Microsoft Agent Framework.

**AG2** is a community fork that continues AutoGen's original conversational line, maintained by AutoGen's original creators independently of Microsoft. The **Microsoft Agent Framework** is the official successor to **both AutoGen and Semantic Kernel** — it combines AutoGen's agent abstractions with Semantic Kernel's enterprise features (session state, telemetry, type safety) and adds graph-based workflows plus native MCP and A2A interop. Its 1.0 GA for .NET and Python is reported as **April 3, 2026** (confirm on Microsoft Learn before relying on the exact date); Semantic Kernel and AutoGen are now maintenance-only.

## What is the OpenAI Agents SDK?

The OpenAI Agents SDK is OpenAI's lightweight, "very few abstractions" framework — the production successor to the experimental **Swarm** — available in **both Python and TypeScript/JavaScript**. Its core primitives are **Agents, Handoffs, Guardrails, Sessions** (memory, via SQLite/SQLAlchemy/Redis/MongoDB), and built-in **Tracing**.

Despite the name it's **provider-agnostic** — it works beyond OpenAI models via LiteLLM and OpenAI-compatible endpoints — but it's most seamless on OpenAI models. It's the right pick for teams who want a thin, well-traced framework without a heavy abstraction layer, especially on an OpenAI-centric stack. Human-in-the-loop is supported via tool-approval interruptions (phrase it as "supported," not "equivalent to LangGraph's graph interrupts").

## What are LlamaIndex Workflows, Google ADK, and Pydantic AI?

-   **LlamaIndex Workflows** models agents as **event-driven, async, step-based** systems where steps consume and emit typed events. It reached **Workflows 1.0 in 2025** and pairs naturally with LlamaIndex's RAG stack — the best fit for **data- and retrieval-heavy** agentic pipelines that need explicit, debuggable control flow.
-   **Google ADK (Agent Development Kit)** is Google's open-source (Apache-2.0), code-first toolkit in **Python (1.0 GA May 20, 2025), Java, and Go**. It offers a typed agent loop, multi-agent composition (sequential/parallel/loop/hierarchical), an eval framework, a local dev UI, and one-command deploy to **Vertex AI Agent Engine**. Model-agnostic but strongest inside Google Cloud / Gemini.
-   **Pydantic AI**, from the team behind the Pydantic validation library, brings **FastAPI-style ergonomics and type-safety** to agents: define typed inputs/outputs as Pydantic models, register tools as plain Python functions, and let the framework handle validation, retries, streaming, and provider switching. Best for **strongly-typed, validation-first** Python apps.

## Which framework is best for complex multi-agent systems?

**LangGraph** for engineered, predictable pipelines — the explicit graph gives you control over what each agent sees and makes per-node cost predictable. **AutoGen/AG2** for conversational, debate-style collaboration where emergent interaction is the point (but cap the loops to control token cost). **Microsoft Agent Framework** for graph-based orchestration in enterprise .NET/Azure environments.

Whichever you choose, the multi-agent design principles matter more than the framework: keep writes single-threaded, share full context on handoffs, and go multi-agent only when the work genuinely parallelizes. (See the related multi-agent guide below.)

## Which framework is best for production, and how do they handle memory?

For **production reliability** — durable state, checkpointing, observability — LangGraph is the standout, with the Microsoft Agent Framework for enterprise .NET/Azure and Google ADK when you want managed deployment via Vertex AI Agent Engine.

Memory approaches differ, and it's worth matching to your needs:

| Framework | State / memory approach |
| --- | --- |
| **LangGraph** | Typed shared state + pluggable checkpointers (SQLite/Postgres/Redis) for durable persistence |
| **OpenAI Agents SDK** | Sessions (SQLite, SQLAlchemy, Redis, MongoDB, encrypted) |
| **CrewAI** | Short-term, long-term, and entity memory |
| **Pydantic AI** | Dependency injection + message history; optional durable execution (Temporal/DBOS) |
| **LlamaIndex** | Serializable `Context` object |
| **Google ADK / MS Agent Framework** | Session and memory services |

## Which framework should you pick? A scenario guide

-   **Fast prototyping / smallest learning curve:** CrewAI or the OpenAI Agents SDK (Pydantic AI if you already live in Pydantic/FastAPI).
-   **Production reliability:** LangGraph; Microsoft Agent Framework for enterprise .NET/Azure; Google ADK for managed Vertex AI deploy.
-   **Complex multi-agent orchestration:** LangGraph for engineered pipelines; AutoGen/AG2 for conversational collaboration.
-   **OpenAI-centric stack:** OpenAI Agents SDK (still works with non-OpenAI models).
-   **Azure / .NET stack:** Microsoft Agent Framework.
-   **Google Cloud / Gemini stack:** Google ADK.
-   **RAG / retrieval-heavy agents:** LlamaIndex Workflows.
-   **Type-safety / validation-first Python:** Pydantic AI.
-   **No framework:** single-agent tool loops, tight latency/cost control, or full transparency — use the provider SDK directly.

## Related reading

-   [How to build an AI agent](/intel/how-to-build-an-ai-agent-2026) — the raw loop every framework wraps.
-   [Multi-agent systems explained](/intel/multi-agent-systems-2026) — the coordination patterns these frameworks implement.
-   [How to evaluate AI agents](/intel/how-to-evaluate-ai-agents-2026) — tracing and eval, where frameworks differ most.

## Pick a framework by building, not by reading comparisons

The only way to know which abstraction fits your head is to ship something with it. Dexity's Ship Production Code with AI course has you build and evaluate a real tool-using agent end-to-end, so you learn where a framework helps and where it just hides the prompts — the judgment every AI-engineering interview and job actually tests.

_Sources: framework facts verified (Sept 2026) against official documentation — [Microsoft Agent Framework overview](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/agent-framework/overview/), [OpenAI Agents SDK docs](https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/), [Anthropic, Building Effective Agents](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/building-effective-agents), [LangGraph](https://www.langchain.com/langgraph), [Google ADK](https://google.github.io/adk-docs/), [Pydantic AI](https://pydantic.dev/pydantic-ai), [LlamaIndex Workflows](https://www.llamaindex.ai/workflows). Version numbers, GA dates, and maturity claims are as of 2026 and drift — confirm against the official page before relying on a specific figure; GitHub star counts are deliberately omitted. US-only. · Dexity.com_

## Frequently asked questions

Which AI agent framework is most popular in 2026?

LangGraph is the most widely cited for production and complex workflows, and CrewAI is among the most popular for quickly building role-based teams. "Most popular" shifts fast and varies by ecosystem — pick by stack and need, not popularity.

Is LangChain the same as LangGraph?

No. LangGraph is the low-level agent runtime (durable execution, state graph); since the 1.0 releases (Oct 2025), LangChain is a higher-level API built on top of LangGraph. Both are from LangChain, Inc. and ship in Python and JS/TS.

Is AutoGen dead?

Not dead, but frozen. Per Microsoft, AutoGen is in maintenance mode (fixes only), and its future is the Microsoft Agent Framework (1.0 GA reported April 3, 2026). The community fork AG2 continues the original conversational line independently.

Can I use these frameworks with models other than the vendor's own?

Mostly yes. LangGraph, CrewAI, Pydantic AI, Google ADK, LlamaIndex, and the Microsoft Agent Framework are model-agnostic. Even the OpenAI Agents SDK is provider-agnostic via LiteLLM / OpenAI-compatible endpoints, though it's most seamless on OpenAI models.

Do I even need a framework to build an agent?

Often no. Anthropic and Microsoft both recommend starting with the model SDK and a simple loop, adding a framework only when you need durable state, multi-agent orchestration, human-in-the-loop, or observability.

## More in AI at Work

[All Intel →](/intel)

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### How to Evaluate AI Agents: Trajectories, Tool Use, and Task Success (2026 Guide)

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### How to Fine-Tune an LLM in 2026

Fine-tuning teaches an LLM a behavior, style, or skill — not new facts (that's RAG's job). It appears in 26% of AI-engineer job descriptions (Dexity), the same rate as RAG, but it's the most over-reached-for of the three techniques. In 2026 you almost never full-fine-tune: a LoRA or QLoRA adapter on a strong base model, trained with SFT (then DPO if you need preference alignment) on a few hundred to a few thousand curated examples, is the default — runnable on a single GPU for a few dollars. This guide covers the decision (fine-tune vs RAG vs prompt), the methods (LoRA/QLoRA, SFT vs DPO), data, the tool stack (HF TRL/PEFT, Unsloth, Axolotl, Modal), evaluation, and the failure modes.

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Canonical: https://dexity.com/intel/ai-agent-frameworks-2026